Riedel-Kruse, who is designing platforms for playful interactions with living microbiology ( 6). Das, who has developed early SDGs ( 5), and I.H.

This review emerged from discussions that began in 2010 between two of the authors-R. The field is quite new, with reviews so far primarily focusing on the promise of SDGs ( 1– 4) rather than critically evaluating their performance relative to prior Internet-scale volunteer initiatives, paid crowdsourcing initiatives, or computational approaches. Scientific discovery games (SDGs) bring together researchers looking for novel ways to approach unsolved problems with a global population of volunteers interested in contributing to scientific research but without the traditional means of doing so. Games are an ancient medium for human creativity and exploration that have only recently been harnessed for biomedical research. Finally, we highlight connections to artificial intelligence, biological cloud laboratories, new game genres, science education, and open science that may drive the next generation of SDGs. We discuss emergent properties of player communities shared across different projects, including the diversity of communities and the extraordinary contributions of some volunteers, such as paper writing.

We find compelling results and technical innovations arising in problem-oriented games such as Foldit and Eterna and in data-oriented games such as EyeWire and Project Discovery. After describing the origins of this novel research approach, we review the scientific output of SDGs across molecular modeling, sequence alignment, neuroscience, pathology, cellular biology, genomics, and human cognition.

Over the past decade, scientific discovery games (SDGs) have emerged as a viable approach for biomedical research, engaging hundreds of thousands of volunteer players and resulting in numerous scientific publications.

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